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- The Linux Emacspeak HOWTO
- Jim Van Zandt, jrv@vanzandt.mv.com
- v1.4, 21 Dececember 1997
-
- This document describes how a blind user can use Linux with a speech
- synthesizer to replace the video display. It describes how to get
- Linux running on your own PC, and how to set it up for speech output.
- It suggests how to learn about Unix.
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- Emacspeak is an Emacs subsystem that allows the user to get feedback
- using synthesized speech.
-
- Screen reading programs allow a visually impaired user to get feedback
- using synthesized speech. Such programs have been commercially
- available for well over a decade. Most of them run on PC's under DOS,
- and there are now a few screen-readers for the Windows platform.
- However, screen-readers for the UNIX environment have been conspicuous
- in their absence.
-
- This means that most visually impaired computer users face the
- additional handicap of being DOS-impaired -- a far more serious
- problem:-)
-
- Emacspeak is an emacs subsystem that provides basic speech access.
- Emacspeak will always have the shortcoming that it will only work
- under Emacs. This said, there is very little that cannot be done
- inside Emacs, so it's not a real shortcoming:-) Within Emacs, you can
- open a "shell window" where you can run commands and examine their
- output, even output which has scrolled out of the window. Emacs
- provides special modes for running certain commands. For example, it
- can parse error messages printed by a compiler and open a separate
- edit window with the cursor at the point of the error. It can also
- run a debugger and keep a separate edit window open at the point in
- the source code corresponding to the program counter.
-
- Emacspeak does have a significant advantage: since it runs inside
- Emacs, a structure-sensitive, fully customizable editor, Emacspeak
- often has more context-specific information about what it is speaking
- than its commercial counterparts. In this sense, Emacspeak is not a
- "screenreader", it is a subsystem that produces speech output. A
- traditional screen-reader speaks the content of the screen, leaving it
- to the user to interpret the visually laid-out information.
- Emacspeak, on the other hand, treats speech as a first-class output
- mode; it speaks the information in a manner that is easy to comprehend
- when listening.
-
- This initial version provides a basic speech subsystem for Emacs;
- using Emacs' power and flexibility, it has proven straightforward to
- add modules that customize how things are spoken, e.g. depending on
- the major/minor mode of a given buffer. Note that the basic speech
- functionality provided by Emacspeak is sufficient to use most Emacs
- packages effectively; adding package-specific customizations makes the
- interaction much smoother. This is because package-specific
- extensions can take advantage of the current context.
-
- Emacspeak will only work with emacs. However, emacs can be used to
- run any program that has a command-line interface (ls, cd, rm,
- adduser, etc.). You can even run those like less or lynx which use
- escape sequences to control the appearance of the screen. The key to
- this is eterm mode, which you get with the emacs command M-x term.
-
- Emacs is a large program, but it does not all have to be in RAM,
- because Linux has virtual memory. You can designate a swap partition,
- so that programs (or parts of programs) can be swapped out when they
- are not being used. You can comfortably run emacs with 8 MB of ram
- plus 8 MB of swap space.
-
- This document is limited to the following:
-
- ╖ Linux (not Free BSD)
-
- ╖ The Slackware distribution (not Red Hat, Debian, etc.)
-
- ╖ Speech output only (not Braille - see the Access HOWTO)
-
- ╖ DECtalk (Dectalk Express and MultiVoice), DoubleTalk, and LiteTalk
- synthesizers (--not the Accent, SmarTalk, a sound card, etc.)
-
- ╖ Use of Emacs, with T. V. Raman's Emacspeak package, to drive the
- synthesizer.
-
- The use of adaptive technology with Linux, and in particular, using
- adaptive technology to make Linux accessible to those who could not
- use it otherwise, is covered in the Linux Access HOWTO.
-
- If you would like to help extend this document to cover one or more of
- the other alternatives, or point me to a discussion somewhere else,
- please contact me.
-
- Emacspeak was written by T. V. Raman raman@adobe.com. Emacspeak has a
- Web page at
- <http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Info/People/raman/emacspeak/emacspeak.html>.
-
- Emacspeak supports several speech synthesizers. The software required
- depends on which you have.
-
- If you have a DECtalk Express or Multivoice, you need the basic
- Emacspeak package, tcl (an interpreter), and tclx (extensions for
- tcl). You can get the source package for Emacspeak from the Emacspeak
- web page, or a binary package in one of the popular distributions of
- Linux (Slackware, Red Hat, or Debian). I build each of these
- packages. Since I normally run Debian, the Debian package will be
- available a little sooner than the others. At this writing, the most
- recent release of Emacspeak is version 7.0. Here are some URLs:
-
- <http://leb.net/pub/blinux/emacspeak/cornell.mirror>
- <ftp://leb.net/pub/blinux/emacspeak/blinux/emacspeak-6.0-2.i386.rpm>
-
- Note: there are European mirrors of the blinux site which you should
- use if they closer:
-
- <ftp://ftp.uni-muenster.de/share/public6/>
- <ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/misc/blinux/>
-
- For the external DoubleTalk or LiteTalk synthesizers, you need the
- Emacspeak package and a separate driver which comes in the emacspeak-
- dt package:
-
- <ftp://leb.net/pub/blinux/emacspeak/blinux/emacspeak-dt-0.27.tar.gz>
- <ftp://leb.net/pub/blinux/emacspeak/blinux/emacspeak-
- dt-0.27-1.i386.rpm> <http://www.mv.com/ipusers/vanzandt/emacspeak-
- dt_0.27-1_i386.deb>
-
- For the internal DoubleTalk, you need three pieces of software: the
- basic Emacspeak package, the emacspeak-dt package, and a device
- driver. Here are some URLs for the device driver:
- <ftp://leb.net/pub/blinux/emacspeak/blinux/dtlk-1.12.tar.gz>
- <http://www.mv.com/ipusers/vanzandt/dtlk-1.12.tar.gz>
- <http://www.mv.com/ipusers/vanzandt/dtlk_1.12-1_i386.deb>
-
- There is an alpha test version of a driver for the Braille 'n Speak,
- Braille Lite, and Type 'n Speak devices used in "speech box" mode:
-
- <ftp://leb.net/pub/blinux/emacspeak/blinux/emacspeak-bs-0.3.tar.gz>
-
- Computer hardware, Unix user commands, Unix system administration,
- Emacs, and Emacspeak are each substantial subjects. Attempting to
- learn all of them at once is likely to lead to frustration. Instead,
- I suggest that the new user go through a sequence of stages, learning
- about only one system at a time.
-
- 2. Stage 1. DOS with speech
-
- Most blind computer users have speech synthesizers with a screen
- reader program like JAWS [``JAWS'']. (References in this format refer
- to entries in the "Footnotes and References" section below.) Using
- this setup, install and become familiar with some terminal emulator
- like Telix [``TELIX''] or Commo [``COMMO''], which are available from
- the SimTel archive [``SimTel''] among others.
-
- 2.1. Getting Linux on CDROM
-
- If you have or can borrow a CDROM drive, I recommend you get one of
- the many good distributions of Linux on that medium. The instructions
- below are for the Slackware distribution. I am most familiar with
- disks from InfoMagic [``InfoMagic'']. Another source is Walnut Creek
- [``Walnut Creek''] (where the whole idea of inexpensive CDROMS full of
- programs from Internet archives got its start). Distributions other
- than Slackware are available from Red Hat [``Red Hat''], Craftwork
- [``Craftwork''], and Yggdrasil [``Yggdrasil'']. As a rule, these
- CDROMS use the "ISO 9660" format, which can be read under DOS. (They
- also use the "Rock Ridge extensions" which add extra files in each
- directory. Linux uses the extra information to give you long
- filenames, both upper and lower case characters in filenames, and file
- permissions.)
-
- 2.2. Getting Linux by FTP
-
- Another way to get Linux and its documentation is by FTP over the
- Internet. The home site for the Slackware distribution is Walnut
- Creek [``Walnut Creek'']. It is also carried by sunsite and many of
- it mirror sites. Here is a partial list:
-
- ╖ USA (home site) <ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/linux/slackware>
-
- ╖ UK/Europe
- <ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/public/Mirrors/ftp.cdrom.com/pub/linux/slackware-3.1>
-
- ╖ Japan <ftp://ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp/pub/os/linux/slackware>
-
- ╖ Taiwan <ftp://NCTUCCCA.edu.tw/OS/Linux/Slackware>
-
- ╖ Hong Kong <ftp://ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/slackware>
-
- ╖ USA <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware>
-
- ╖ USA
- <ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/systems/linux/sunsite/distributions/slackware>
-
- More sites are listed in the INFO-SHEET:
-
- <http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/welcome.html>
- <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET>
- <ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/systems/linux/sunsite/docs/HOWTO/INFO-
- SHEET>
-
- 2.3. Linux Documentation
-
- Read the Linux documentation. I will quote here the file names and
- locations on the first disk of InfoMagic's December 1996 "Developer's
- Resource" set of six CDROMS, as seen under DOS. Other CDROM sets
- should have similar information, though perhaps differently arranged.
- The Slackware distribution is on disk 2 of the set. Matt Welsh's step
- by step guide to installing Slackware is in
- \doc\install-\install-.002. (This is a 245 page book!)
-
- More general information is in the Linux "Frequently Asked Questions"
- list in \docs\linux.faq\linux-fa.asc. Longer descriptions are in
- "HOWTO" documents (of which this is one). They are found in \docs.
- Note particularly \docs\hardware, which lists which kinds of hardware
- are supported by Linux, \docs\meta-faq, which points to sources of
- information (that is, a more extensive version of this paragraph), and
- \help\index, which is a list of the HOWTO documents with short
- descriptions. The Linux installation HOWTO, \docs\installation, is
- another (much shorter, somewhat older) version of Matt Welsh's
- installation instructions.
-
- One note on reading the documentation. You may run into files with
- ASCII highlighting, where character-backspace-character stands for
- "bold", and underscore-backspace-character stands for "italics". One
- way to handle this is to use the less program, which displays these
- sequences in alternate colors. A DOS screenreader can, for example,
- search for such highlighted text. A DOS version of less can be
- obtained by FTP from the SimTel archive [``SimTel'']. Within the
- SimTel collection, look for directory msdos/textutil. For example,
- try <ftp://ftp.coast.net/pub/SimTel/msdos/textutil>.
-
- I will suggest four alternatives for learning Emacs commands (see
- section [``Learning Emacs'']). The first option is to install Emacs
- under DOS and learn it while using the DOS screen reader. Where to
- get Emacs for DOS is a "frequently asked question" [``Emacs for
- DOS''].
-
- The source code for Emacs (about 10 MB) can be gotten from
- <ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/> (look for emacs-19.34b.tar.gz or
- similar), or from one of many mirrors of the GNU collection [``Gnu
- Mirrors''].
-
- 3. Stage 2. Terminal to remote UNIX system
-
- Arrange for what is called a "shell account" on some Unix system.
- Most Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can provide this service. Use
- the terminal emulator program and a modem to dial in. Learn the basic
- Unix commands. If the system has Emacs installed, or you can persuade
- the system administrator to install it, this is your second chance to
- learn it. It is probably best to learn it at this point, because
- administering a Unix system (the next stage) will call for you to edit
- files. Therefore, I include here my suggestions for learning both
- Unix and Emacs.
-
- 3.1. Learning Unix
-
- When you arrange for a shell account, or set up a new account on your
- own machine, you will have to decide on a username and a password.
- Your username will also be used in your email address, so try to find
- something short and memorable. Your password is important, and should
- be hard to guess. That usually means at least six characters,
- including at least one non-alphanumeric character.
-
- When a Unix system is ready for you to log in, it normally displays a
- prompt ending with "login:". At this point you should type in your
- username. It will then prompt you for your password, and will turn
- off command echoing while you type it in.
-
- The command to finish a terminal session is logout.
-
- To learn about a command, use the man command to type its manual page
- ("man page" for short). For example, to learn more about the cp
- command by typing man cp. Of course, this helps only if you know or
- can guess the command name. However, each man page has a line near
- the beginning with the command name and a short description of what
- the command does. You can search a database of these lines using the
- command apropos. Thus, typing apropos working will list lines that
- include the word "working". Here's what that command prints here:
-
- cd (n) - Change working directory
- pwd (n) - Return the current working directory
- Cwd (3pm) - get pathname of current working directory
- chdir (2) - change working directory
- fchdir (2) - change working directory
- get_current_dir_name (3) - Get current working directory
- getcwd (3) - Get current working directory
- getwd (3) - Get current working directory
- pwd (1) - print name of current/working directory
- rcsclean (1) - clean up working files
-
- The numbers in parentheses are sections of the manual. User commands
- are in section 1. Functions called from within programs are in sec¡
- tions 2 and 3. Commands used mostly by the system administrator are
- in section 8. You can find out more about the on-line manual with the
- command man man.
-
- Under Unix, commands normally accept options starting with a minus
- sign rather than the forward slash used under DOS. In a path,
- directory names are separated by forward slashes rather than backward
- slashes. Both operating systems have a "standard input", by default
- the keyboard, and a "standard output", by default the display screen.
- You can redirect the standard input using "<", and redirect the output
- using ">". You can use the output from one command as the input of
- another by separating the two commands with "|". This is called the
- "pipe" symbol.
-
- The program that interprets your command is a "shell". Under DOS,
- COMMAND.COM is the shell. Most Unix shells are decendents of either
- the Bourne shell sh or the C shell csh. The shell most commonly used
- with Linux is the "Bourne again shell", or bash. It has several
- features which can reduce the need for typing. You can use the cursor
- up key key to bring previous commands to the command line. The cursor
- will be at the end of the command. You can use cursor left and right
- to move the cursor within the command, and edit it with Emacs style
- commands (control-D or DEL to delete the character to the right, et
- cetera). Also, you can insert the last word in the previous command
- with ESC-. (escape period). You can learn about these and other
- commands from the bash man page, in the section entitled "READLINE".
-
- If a program gets "stuck", here is a sequence of keystrokes to try:
-
- ╖ Control-Q. You may have sent a control-S, which halts all output,
- without realizing it. The control-Q will restart it.
-
- ╖ Control-D, which signals "end of file" under Unix (similar to
- control-Z under DOS), in case the program expects input which you
- are not prepared to supply.
-
- ╖ Control-C is an interrupt, which may halt the program.
-
- ╖ Control-Z puts the program in the background. At this point you
- may simply log out, although you will be warned about the
- background process and will have to repeat the logout command. You
- can instead kill the process, as follows: Run ps with no arguments.
- It will list a header line, then one line for each of your
- processes. The first item on each line is the process id number,
- or PID. The command used to start the process (or at least the
- beginning of it) appears at the end of the line. If the PID were
- 117, you would kill the process with the command kill -9 117.
-
- ╖ If running Linux from the console, alt-2, or some other alt-number
- combination, will switch to a different virtual console. You can
- log in there just as if you had sat down to a different terminal.
-
- ╖ If your machine is connected to a network, you can log in from
- another machine.
-
- ╖ Control-alt-del should reboot the computer nondestructively.
-
- ╖ As a last resort, you can hit "reset" or cycle the power. This
- will leave the filesystems in an invalid state, since some buffers
- will not have been written to disk. The kernel will discover this
- while booting, and will take time to check and repair the
- filesystems. Actual data loss is unlikely unless you had something
- else going on at the time.
-
- Guido Gonzato Guido@ibogfs.cineca.it has written an excellent guide to
- Linux for (former) DOS users, the DOS2Linux mini-HOWTO. You can
- probably find it where you found this document, or else at
- <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/mini/>.
-
- You can find general Unix information, including manual pages for
- several systems at <http://www.cis.ohio-
- state.edu/hypertext/man_pages.html>
-
- There is a tutorial entitled "Beginning Unix and the C Shell" at
- <http://www.eng.hawaii.edu:80/Courses/C.unix/page-03.html>.
-
- You can get general help from <http://www.nova.edu/Inter-
- Links/UNIXhelp/TOP_.html> or <http://www.eecs.nwu.edu/unix.html>
-
- You can find a list of books on UNIX at
- <http://www.eskimo.com/~cher/eskimospace/booklist.html>.
-
- 3.2. Learning Emacs
-
- When you start Emacs, you will normally list on the command line one
- or more files which you will be editing. To edit a file named
- "foobar" with Emacs, you would enter the command emacs foobar. If you
- enter the command emacs with no arguments, GNU Emacs will print out an
- introduction which includes the first five commands you need to learn,
- approximately as follows:
-
- Type C-h for help; (`C-' means use CTRL key.)
- Type C-x u to undo changes.
- Type C-h t for a tutorial on using Emacs.
- Type C-h i to enter Info, which you can use to read GNU documentation.
- To kill the Emacs job, type C-x C-c.
-
- Note the way Emacs documentation refers to key combinations. C-h
- means hold the control key down while typing "h". You will also run
- into key combinations like M-v, which is pronounced "meta v". The
- tutorial suggests holding down the key labeled "edit" or "meta" then
- typing "v". I have never run across a keyboard with those keys, so I
- always use the escape key instead: typing "Esc" then "v" (two separate
- keystrokes). After using Emacs for a long time, I discovered that
- under Linux, the left "Alt" key works like a "meta" key. You may want
- to use this. On the other hand, some of these key combinations may
- conflict with your screen reader or communications program under DOS.
- Using the escape key is more reliable.
-
- Three of the above commands start with C-h, which may be treated as a
- backspace by your communications program. In that case, you may
- access the help command using the long form M-x help. Conversely, you
- may find that pressing the backspace key starts the help command.
- This issue is treated in the Emacs FAQ, which is available within
- Emacs using C-h F or M-x help F. Look for the question "Why does the
- `Backspace' key invoke help?". In the mean time, you can end the help
- session with the command C-g. (This is the keyboard-quit command,
- which cancels any prefix keys you have typed.)
-
- You may also find that C-s and C-q are unavailable because they are
- used for flow control (XON and XOFF). You should look at the question
- "How do I handle C-s and C-q being used for flow control?" in the FAQ.
- For the particular command C-x C-s (save buffer), you may substitute
- the command C-x s (save-some-buffers). The former command saves the
- current buffer, while the latter asks the user about each of the
- modified buffers.
-
- Note in particular the command "C-h t" to start the Emacs tutorial.
- That is one the first things you will want to try. I will only make a
- couple of comments on the tutorial. To move the cursor, it gives the
- four commands C-f, C-b, C-p, and C-n (for forward, back, previous
- line, and next line). These commands always work. However, with a
- properly installed Emacs, the regular arrow keys should also work.
- Try them out and use them if you are more comfortable with them.
- Similarly, you may be able to use home, end, page down, and page up
- keys in place of the standard commands C-a, C-e, C-v, and M-v.
- Finally, all Emacspeak commands begin with C-e. Once you start using
- Emacspeak, you will have to type it twice to get the end of line
- function. (The "End" key should be unaffected by Emacspeak.)
-
- 4. Stage 3. Terminal to local Linux system
-
- This arrangement again requires a DOS machine with a speech
- synthesizer and a terminal emulator program. However, instead of
- dialing up a remote computer, it is used as a terminal to a local
- computer running Linux. To get to this point, you need to install
- Linux on a machine. You may be able to prevail on a knowledgable
- friend to help you with this. However, it is also possible to install
- it yourself with speech feedback for almost the whole procedure.
-
- 4.1. Installing Linux
-
- First, some background. Even the simplest Unix system requires a
- program called the kernel and a root file system. The kernel has all
- the device drivers and resource management functions. One normally
- thinks of a "file system" as residing on a hard disk or floppy disk,
- but during an installation it is usually in ram. Linux is normally
- installed by writing a kernel image to a floppy disk, called the "boot
- floppy", configuring it to reserve a section of RAM for a ramdisk,
- then filling that ramdisk with data from a second floppy disk, called
- the "root floppy". As soon as both floppies have been read in, the
- user can log in as "root" and complete the installation. The sighted
- user logs in on the "system console", that is, the computer's own
- keyboard and video display. However, remember that Unix has been a
- multiprocessing operating system from the very beginning. Even this
- very primitive Unix system, running out of a small ramdisk, also
- supports logins from a terminal connected to a serial port. This is
- what a blind user can use.
-
- To connect the two computers, you can use a "null modem", a serial
- cable that connects ground to ground, and transmit on each end to
- receive on the other. The cable that comes with the DOS application
- LapLink will work fine. It is particularly handy, in fact, because it
- has both a 9 pin and a 25 pin connector on each end. If you want to
- check a cable or have one made, here are the required connections:
-
- For two 9 pin connectors, connect pin 2 (receive data) to pin 3, pin 3
- (transmit data) to pin 2, and pin 5 (signal ground) to pin 5.
-
- For two 25 pin connectors, connect pin 2 (receive data) to pin 3, pin
- 3 (transmit data) to pin 2, and pin 7 (signal ground) to pin 7.
-
- For a 9 pin connector (first) to a 25 pin connector (second), connect
- pin 2 (receive data) to pin 2 (transmit data), pin 3 (transmit data)
- to pin 3 (receive data), and pin 5 (signal ground) to pin 7 (signal
- ground).
-
- You may have noted that I have included no connections for the
- "handshaking" signals. During login, the serial port is handled by
- the program agetty. Recent versions of this program accept a -L
- switch which tells it not to expect modem control signals. The
- version in Slackware 3.0 does, but the one on the 3.0 (and earlier)
- installation root disks does not. However, Pat Volkerding has assured
- me that the root disks in the next release of Slackware will have the
- updated version of agetty. It is also possible to use the earlier
- root disks [``Emacspeak with Earlier Slackware Releases''].
-
- Consult the documentation on your CDROM, or downloaded from an FTP
- site, and choose a boot disk with the proper kernel features for your
- hardware (IDE or SCSI, CDROM driver, etc.). I have the InfoMagic
- September 1996 "Developer's Resource" set of six CDROMS. Slackware
- 3.1 is on disk 1 of that set, mostly in the two directories slackwar
- and slakware. (Note the difference in spelling. You will access them
- in alphabetical order: first slackwar, then slakware.)
-
- Documentation on the boot floppies is in \bootdsks.144\which.one. A
- copy of the DOS program for writing boot images to a floppy,
- rawrite.exe, is in the same directory. Assuming the cdrom is the M
- drive under DOS, one might use these commands to write to a floppy
- disk in the A drive:
-
- C>m:
- M>cd \\bootdsks.144
- M>rawrite scsinet.s a:
-
- Similarly, to write the "text" root disk:
-
- C>m:
- M>cd \\rootdsks
- M>rawrite text.gz a:
-
- If you install from floppies, you should also copy the Emacspeak
- package onto a floppy with a command like this:
-
- C>copy m:\\contrib\\emacspea.tgz a:
-
- For the actual installation, proceed as follows: Use the null modem to
- connect the computer running DOS and equipped with speech output
- (which I will call the "DOS machine") to the computer into which you
- want to install Linux (the "Linux machine").
-
- Boot the DOS machine, and start your terminal emulation program. Set
- it up for 9600 baud, no parity, eight data bits, 1 stop bit.
-
- On the Linux machine, insert the "boot" disk and boot (power up, cntl-
- alt-del, or hit the reset switch). It should read the disk for five
- seconds or so, beep, and stop with the following text:
-
- (Note: in the following, the large blocks of text quoted from the
- installation disks are preceded by "-- begin quote" and followed by
- "-- end quote". To skip to the end of a quote, you may search for two
- dashes starting in the first column. I have word wrapped some
- sections to limit the line lengths.)
-
- -- begin quote
-
- Welcome to the Slackware96 Linux (v. 3.1.0) bootkernel disk!
-
- If you have any extra parameters to pass to the kernel, enter them at
- the prompt below after one of the valid configuration names (ramdisk,
- mount, drive2)
-
- Here are some examples (and more can be found in the BOOTING file):
-
- ramdisk hd=cyl,hds,secs (Where "cyl", "hds", and "secs" are the
- number of cylinders, sectors, and heads
- on the drive. Most machines won't need
- this.)
-
- In a pinch, you can boot your system with a command like:
- mount root=/dev/hda1
-
- On machines with low memory, you can use mount root=/dev/fd1 or mount
- root=/dev/fd0 to install without a ramdisk. See LOWMEM.TXT for
- details.
-
- If you would rather load the root/install disk from your second
- floppy drive: drive2 (or even this: ramdisk root=/dev/fd1)
-
- DON'T SWITCH ANY DISKS YET! This prompt is just for entering extra
- parameters. If you don't need to enter any parameters, hit ENTER to
- continue.
-
- boot:
-
- -- end quote
-
- I have almost always been able to just hit "enter" at this point.
-
- After your entry, the Linux machine should read the floppy for another
- twenty seconds or so, then boot the kernel. The first thing it prints
- is "Loading ramdisk...", which is somewhat misleading. In this case,
- "ramdisk" is actually the name of the kernel configuration.
-
- Each device driver in the kernel displays a line or two. The
- particular disk I'm using (the "bare.i" bootdisk) displays more than
- one screen's worth. It is possible to type shift-page up to scroll
- the text back. On my machine, the boot messages are as follows:
-
- -- begin quote
-
- Loading ramdisk.....
- Uncompressing Linux...done.
- Now booting the kernel
- Console: colour VGA+ 80x25, 1 virtual console (max 63)
- Calibrating delay loop.. ok - 35.94 BogoMIPS
- Memory: 23028k/24768k available (688k kernel code, 384k reserved,
- 668k data)
- Swansea University Computer Society NET3.035 for Linux 2.0
- NET3: Unix domain sockets 0.12 for Linux NET3.035.
- Swansea University Computer Society TCP/IP for NET3.034
- IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP
- VFS: Diskquotas version dquot_5.6.0 initialized
- Checking 386/387 coupling... Ok, fpu using exception 16 error reporting.
- Checking 'hlt' instruction... Ok.
- Linux version 2.0.0 (root@darkstar) (gcc version 2.7.2) #1 Mon Jun 10
- 21:11:56 CDT 1996
- Serial driver version 4.13 with no serial options enabled
- tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
- PS/2 auxiliary pointing device detected -- driver installed.
- Ramdisk driver initialized : 16 ramdisks of 49152K size
- hda: IBM-DBOA-2720, 689MB w/64KB Cache, LBA, CHS=700/32/63
- ide0: at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14
- Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M
- Started kswapd v 1.4.2.2
- FDC 0 is a 8272A
- Partition check:
- hda: hda1 hda2 hda3
- VFS: Insert root floppy disk to be loaded into ramdisk and press ENTER
-
- -- end quote
-
- Some messages will of course be different on a machine with different
- hardware. Now, insert the "text" rootdisk and press ENTER. After it
- is read, the following is displayed on the console:
-
- -- begin quote
-
- RAMDISK: Compressed image found at block 0
- JAVA Binary support v1.01 for Linux 1.3.98 (C)1996 Brian A. Lantz
- VFS: Mounted root (minix filesystem).
- INIT: version 2.60 booting
- none on /proc type proc (rw)
- INIT: Entering runlevel: 4
-
- Welcome to the Slackware Linux installation disk ,version 3.1.0-text!
- ### READ THE INSTRUCTIONS BELOW CAREFULLY! ###
-
- You will need one or more partitions of type "Linux native"
- prepared. It is also recommended that you create a swap partition
- (type "Linux swap") prior to installation. Most users can use the
- Linux "fdisk" utility to create and tag the types of all these
- partitions. OS/2 Boot Manager users, however, should create their
- Linux partitions with OS/2 "fdisk", add the bootable (root) partition
- to the Boot Manager menu, and then use the Linux "fdisk" to tag the
- partitions as type "Linux native".
-
- If you have 4 megabytes or less of RAM, you MUST ACTIVATE a swap
- partition before running setup. After making the partition with fdisk,
- use:
-
- mkswap /dev/<partition> <number of blocks> ; swapon /dev/<partition>
-
- Once you have prepared the disk partitions for Linux, type "setup" to
- begin the installation process.
-
- You may now login as "root".
-
- slackware login:
-
- -- end quote
-
- The program that prints the login prompt is called agetty. The
- Slackware 3.1 root disks are set up to allow logins only from the
- computer's own keyboard. You will have to reconfigure it to also
- allow logins from a serial port. This requires typing four lines on
- the Linux machine keyboard, with no voice feedback. If you realize
- you have made a mistake before hitting the carriage return, you can
- erase it with the backspace key. You can also discard what you have
- typed on a line with control-C. Here is what you type:
-
- root
- cat >>/etc/inittab
- s1:45:respawn:/sbin/agetty 9600 ttyS0
- control-D
- init q
-
- I will repeat that with explanations of what is going on.
-
- First, type "root" and a single carriage return to log in (no password
- is needed). Next, you need to append one line to /etc/inittab. Type
- the following two lines:
-
- cat >>/etc/inittab
- s1:45:respawn:/sbin/agetty 9600 ttyS0
-
- Finish each line with the "enter" key. Then type a control-D, which
- signals end of file to a Unix program. (Note: In the second line, the
- next to last character is an upper case "S". Everything else is in
- lower case.) This adds a line to the configuration file of the
- program init, to instruct it to use agetty to watch for logins on the
- first serial port on the Linux machine, called "COM1" under DOS, or
- "/dev/ttyS0" under Linux. To use the second port instead, change the
- last item on the above line to "ttyS1".
-
- Then type
-
- init q
-
- which causes init to reread /etc/inittab. At this point the DOS
- machine should display the login prompt (the third of the blocks of
- text quoted above). On the DOS machine, type root, and finish the
- installation. (The next thing you should do is create and enable a
- swap partition.)
-
- If you don't get the Slackware installation disk prompt, try the
- following:
-
- ╖ Type a single carriage return on the DOS machine.
-
- ╖ Recheck the terminal setup (9600 baud, no parity, eight data bits,
- 1 stop bit)
-
- ╖ Disconnect the null modem from the DOS machine. In its place,
- connect a modem which supports the Hayes "AT" commands. Type AT
- and a carriage return. You should get a reply of "OK" from the
- modem.
-
- Once you get the above prompt on the DOS machine, you may type root
- and a carriage return to log in, and complete the installation like
- any other user. Of course, you must remember to include these
- packages: emacs, tcl, and tclX.
-
- The installation script will offer to prepare a boot floppy. You
- should do this, since it is the most foolproof way to boot Linux. You
- will probably also want to install lilo (which is an abbreviation for
- "Linux loader") and/or loadlin (which is an abbreviation for "load
- Linux"). The installation script can install lilo. Loadlin is a DOS
- program that will let you boot from DOS to Linux. Install it on a DOS
- partition, and copy a compressed kernel file (usually named zImage) to
- the same partition. While running DOS, you may boot Linux with a
- command like loadlin zimage root=/dev/hda3 ro/. (I have assumed here
- that the kernel image is in the same directory as the loadlin program.
- You may find it more convenient to store kernel images in
- subdirectories named for the kernel version.)
-
- After the Slackware setup script finishes the main installation, it
- will tell you to restart by pressing cntl-alt-del. Before doing that,
- you should install emacspeak. It can be found with the other
- "contributed" software. In the InfoMagic set, it is in
- slackwar/contrib. Assuming you are installing Linux directly from a
- cdrom, the setup script will mount the cdrom under /CDROM, and you may
- install emacspeak with the following command:
-
- # installpkg /CDROM/slackwar/contrib/emacspeak.tgz
-
- If you install from floppies, insert the floppy you made earlier and
- type this:
-
- # mount -tmsdos /dev/fd0 /floppy
- # cp /floppy/emacspea.tgz /tmp/emacspeak.tgz
- # installpkg /tmp/emacspeak.tgz
-
- You should not install the package directly off the floppy disk,
- because the DOS filesystem will not allow the full filename, so the
- installpkg program will think the package name is "emacspea" and will
- store its records under that name.
-
- If you have a DoubleTalk or LiteTalk speech synthesizer, you should
- also install the emacspeak-dt package.
-
- Reboot the Linux machine with the new boot floppy, with the DOS
- machine still connected. You should get a login prompt on the DOS
- machine. Celebrate! After getting this system working, you need to
- learn emacs (third option) and Unix system administration.
-
- 4.2. Learning Unix System Administration
-
- Mostly you will learn system administration as the need arises. First
- adding a user (yourself), then installing programs, and so forth. The
- exception to this is making backups, which you should learn before you
- need them.
-
- Among the many programs you will need to learn are these:
-
- adduser
- Register a new user, including creating a home directory and
- adding an entry in /etc/passwd.
-
- tar
- Create and unpack .tar files, which are collections of files
- (something like .zip files). To list the contents of an
- archive, use tar -tf foobar.tar. For a more verbose listing,
- use tar -tvf foobar.tar. To unpack an archive, use tar -xf
- foobar.tar.
-
- chmod
- Change permissions of a file or directory.
-
- chown
- Change ownership of a file or directory.
-
- find
- Search directories recursively. For example, the command find .
- -name '*alpha*' -print means: search starting in the current
- directory (.) for a file whose name contains the string "alpha"
- (-name '*alpha*'), and print its path and name (-print). (With
- GNU find, the -print is optional.)
-
- du Display the amount of space occupied by files or subdirectories.
- For a file with "holes", this may be much less than the length
- of the file.
-
- df Display filesystem capacities, free space, and where they are
- mounted.
-
- mount
- Display filesystems, where they are mounted, and the mount
- flags.
-
- ifconfig
- Configure and check internet protocol (IP) network interfaces,
- including Ethernet cards, SLIP links, and PLIP links.
-
- route
- Configure and check IP network routing, after the interface is
- configured.
-
- ping
- Check IP network connectivity, after the interfaces and routes
- are configured.
-
- ftp
- Transfer files across the Internet.
-
- Here are some programs you may want to install:
-
- agrep
- Approximate grep searches for approximate, not exact, string
- matches (also called "fuzzy string searches").
-
- archie
- Search Internet archives for files.
-
- flip
- Convert text files between Unix and DOS formats.
-
- glimpse
- Fuzzy string searches in large collection of files (uses agrep).
-
- lynx
- Text mode web browser.
-
- Here are some Web pages related to Unix system administration:
-
- General information <http://www.ensta.fr/internet/unix/sys_admin/> or
- <http://www.sai.msu.su/sysadm.html>
-
- There is a Unix system administration tutorial at
- <http://www.iem.ac.ru/sysadm.html>
-
- UnixWorld Online Magazine Home Page <http://www.wcmh.com/uworld/>
-
- Internet Essentials for UNIX System Administrators Tutorial
- <http://www.greatcircle.com/tutorials/ieusa.html>
-
- Pointers to Unix goodies available on the Internet
- <http://www.ensta.fr/internet/unix/>
-
- Pointers to Unix system administration "goodies" available on the
- Internet <http://www.ensta.fr/internet/unix/sys_admin/>
-
- 5. Stage 4. Emacspeak under Linux
-
- The Slackware setup script for Emacspeak should create the needed
- environment variables and install a script emacspeak that starts emacs
- with emacspeak. This is your fourth option for learning Emacs. This
- is the first time you will be able to actually use Emacspeak. A short
- tutorial appears below. Within Emacs, you may type C-h C-e to get a
- list of the commands. To search for a command, use C-h a. To get an
- explanation for a key sequence, use C-h k. There is also an info file
- which is part of the Emacspeak distribution. Within emacs, you may
- type C-h i to open the directory to the info pages. Search for the
- emacspeak menu item by typing C-s emacspeak, then two carriage returns
- (one to terminate the search, and a second one to go to the info page.
- If you have the standalone info program installed, you can consult the
- info file with the command info Emacspeak.
-
- 5.1. Emacspeak Introduction - Speech Enabled Normal Commands
-
- All of the normal Emacs movement commands will speak the relevant
- information after moving. Here are some of the cursor movement
- functions that have been speech enabled. Note that this list only
- enumerates a few of these speech enabled commands; the purpose of
- emacspeak is to speech-enable all of emacs and provide you spoken
- feedback as you work. Thus, this list is here only as a
- representative example of the kind of speech-enabling extensions
- Emacspeak provides.
-
- `C-n' or
- `M-x next-line' or `down'" Moves the cursor to the next line and
- speaks it.
-
- `C-p' or
- `M-x previous-line' or `up'" Moves the cursor to the previous
- line and speaks it.
-
- `M-f' or
- `M-x forward-word' or" Moves the cursor to the next word and
- speaks it. Places point on the first character of the next
- work, rather than on the space preceding it (This is my personal
- preference).
-
- `M-b' or
- `M-x backward-word'" Moves the cursor to the previous word and
- speaks it.
-
- `M-C-b' or
- `M-x backward-sexp'" Moves the cursor to the previous sexp and
- speaks it. If the sexp spans more than a line, only the first
- line is spoken.
-
- `M-<' or
- `M-x beginning-of-buffer'" Speaks line moved to.
-
- `M->' or
- `M-x end-of-buffer'" Speaks line moved to.
-
- `M-m' or
- `M-x back-to-indentation'" Speaks entire current line. A useful
- way of hearing the current line.
-
- 5.2. Emacspeak Introduction - New Commands
-
- Emacspeak provides a number of commands for reading portions of the
- current buffer, getting status information, and modifying Emacspeak's
- state.
-
- All of the commands are documented in the subsequent sections. They
- can be classified into types:
-
- Emacspeak commands for listening to chunks of information. The names
- of these commands all start with the common prefix `emacspeak-'. All
- Emacspeak commands are bound to the keymap EMACSPEAK-KEYMAP and are
- accessed with the key `Control e'. Thus, the Emacspeak command
- "emacspeak-speak-line" is bound to `l' in keymap EMACSPEAK-KEYMAP and
- can be accessed with the keystroke `Control-e l'.
-
- Here are some of the commands for reading text:
-
- `C-e c' or
- `M-x emacspeak-speak-char'" Speak current character, using the
- phonetic alphabet.
-
- `C-e w' or
- `M-x emacspeak-speak-word'" Speak current word.
-
- `C-e l' or
- `M-x emacspeak-speak-line'" Speak current line. With prefix `C-
- u', speaks the rest of the line from point. With negative
- prefix `C-u -', speaks from start of line to point. Voicifies
- if voice-lock-mode is on. Indicates indentation with a tone if
- audio indentation is in use. Indicates position of point with
- an aural highlight if option emacspeak-show-point is turned on
- --see command `M-x emacspeak-show-point'.
-
- `C-e .' or
- `M-x emacspeak-speak-sentence'" Speak the current sentence.
-
- `C-e C-c' or
- `M-x emacspeak-speak-current-window'" Speak everything in the
- current window.
-
- `C-e =' or
- `M-x emacspeak-speak-current-column'" State the column where
- point is.
-
- The second category of commands provided by Emacspeak manipulate the
- state of the speech device. The names of these commands start with
- the common prefix `dtk-'. You can access these commands via the
- prefix `Control-e d'. Thus, the command "dtk-set-rate" is bound to
- `r' in keymap EMACSPEAK-DTK-SUBMAP and can be executed by pressing
- `Control e d r'.
-
- `C-e s' or
- `M-x dtk-stop'" Stop speech now. In addition, any command that
- causes speech output will discard anything in the speech buffer.
-
- `C-e d I' or `M-x dtk-toggle-stop-immediately-while-typing'
- Toggle state of variable dtk-stop-immediately-while-typing. As
- the name implies, if true then speech flushes immediately as you
- type.
-
- `C-e d i' or `M-x emacspeak-toggle-audio-indentation'
- Toggle state of Emacspeak audio indentation. Specifying the
- method of indentation as `tone' results in the DECtalk producing
- a tone whose length is a function of the line's indentation.
- Specifying `speak' results in the number of initial spaces being
- spoken.
-
- `C-e d k' or `M-x emacspeak-toggle-character-echo'
- Toggle state of Emacspeak character echo (that is, whether
- typed characters are echoed).
-
- `C-e d w' or `M-x emacspeak-toggle-word-echo'
- Toggle state of Emacspeak word echo (initially on).
-
- `C-e d l' or `M-x emacspeak-toggle-line-echo'
- Toggle state of Emacspeak line echo (that is, whether typed
- text is echoed after typing enter).
-
- `C-e d p' or `M-x dtk-set-punctuations'
- Set punctuation state. Possible values are `some', `all', or
- `none'.
-
- `C-e d q' or `M-x dtk-toggle-quiet'
- Toggle state of the speech device between being quiet and
- talkative. Useful if you want to continue using an emacs
- session that has emacspeak loaded but wish to make the speech
- shut up.
-
- `C-e d R' or `M-x dtk-reset-state'
- Restore sanity to the Dectalk. Typically used after the Dectalk
- has been power cycled.
-
- `C-e d SPC' or `M-x dtk-toggle-splitting-on-white-space'
- Toggle state of emacspeak that decides if we split text purely
- by clause boundaries, or also include whitespace.
-
- `C-e d r' or `M-x dtk-set-rate'
- Set speaking rate for the dectalk.
-
- `C-e d s' or `M-x dtk-toggle-split-caps'
- Toggle split caps mode. In split caps mode, a transition from
- lower case to upper case is treated like the beginning of a new
- word. This is useful when reading Hungarian notation in program
- source code.
-
- `C-e d v' or `M-x voice-lock-mode'
- Toggle Voice Lock mode (initially off). When Voice Lock mode is
- enabled, text is voiceified as you type it, as follows:
-
- ╖ Comments are spoken in voice-lock-comment-personality; (That is
- a variable whose value should be a personality name.)
-
- ╖ Strings are spoken in voice-lock-string-personality.
-
- ╖ Documentation strings are spoken in voice-lock-doc-string-
- personality.
-
- ╖ Function and variable names in their defining forms are spoken
- in voice-lock-function-name-personality.
-
- ╖ Certain other expressions are spoken in other personalities
- according to the value of the variable voice-lock-keywords.
-
- `C-e d V' or `M-x emacspeak-dtk-speak-version'
- Use this to find out which version of the Dectalk firmware you
- have.
-
- 5.3. Emacspeak Introduction - Using the Help System
-
- When you press C-h to get the help index, the screen will appear, but
- Emacspeak will not speak the window. The only thing spoken is "Type
- one of the options listed or Space to scroll:".
-
- Here is the menu that Emacspeak is not speaking:
-
- -- begin quote
-
- You have typed C-h, the help character. Type a Help option: (Use SPC
- or DEL to scroll through this text. Type q to exit the Help command.)
-
- a command-apropos. Give a substring, and see a list of commands
- (functions interactively callable) that contain that substring. See
- also the apropos command. b describe-bindings. Display table of
- all key bindings. c describe-key-briefly. Type a command key
- sequence; it prints the function name that sequence runs. f
- describe-function. Type a function name and get documentation of it.
- C-f Info-goto-emacs-command-node. Type a function name; it takes you
- to the Info node for that command. F view-emacs-FAQ. Shows emacs
- frequently asked questions file. i info. The info documentation
- reader. k describe-key. Type a command key sequence; it displays
- the full documentation. C-k Info-goto-emacs-key-command-node. Type a
- command key sequence; it takes you to the Info node for the command
- bound to that key. l view-lossage. Shows last 100 characters you
- typed. m describe-mode. Print documentation of current major mode,
- which describes the commands peculiar to it. n view-emacs-news.
- Shows emacs news file. p finder-by-keyword. Find packages matching a
- given topic keyword. s describe-syntax. Display contents of syntax
- table, plus explanations t help-with-tutorial. Select the Emacs
- learn-by-doing tutorial. v describe-variable. Type name of a
- variable; it displays the variable's documentation and value. w
- where-is. Type command name; it prints which keystrokes invoke that
- command. C-c print Emacs copying permission (General Public License).
- C-d print Emacs ordering information. C-n print news of recent Emacs
- changes. C-p print information about the GNU project. C-w print
- information on absence of warranty for GNU Emacs.
-
- -- end quote
-
- Suppose you type "a", for command-apropos.
-
- The next spoken prompt is "Apropos command (regexp):"
-
- Now you type some word you think is part of an emacs command, like
- "visit".
-
- The help system will display the first section of the help, but will
- leave the cursor in the other window. The spoken text is "Type C-x 1
- to remove help window. M-C-v to scroll the help." At this point, I
- think it's more helpful to move point to the other window with C-x o,
- then you can use regular navigation commands to speak the help text.
- You can delete the help window with C-x 0, which will also put point
- back where it was.
-
- The complete menu displayed by help-for-help is also visible if you do
- a describe function on help-for-help. In a future version of
- Emacspeak, Raman plans to add a message to that effect when the user
- presses C-h ?
-
- 6. Footnotes and References
-
- 6.1. JAWS
-
- Job Access With Speech (JAWS) is a screen reader which runs under
- Microsoft MSDOS. It is a product of Henter-Joyce, Inc., 2100 62nd
- Avenue Nort, St. Petersburg, FL 33702, telephone: 800-336-5658. A
- demo of JAWS for DOS is available at
- <ftp://ftp.hj.com/pub/jh/dosdemos/JAWS231D.EXE>.
-
- 6.2. TELIX
-
- TELIX is a shareware terminal emulator for MSDOS. It can be obtained
- by FTP from the SimTel archive [``SimTel'']. Within the SimTel
- collection, look for directory msdos/telix. For example, try
- <ftp://ftp.coast.net/pub/SimTel/msdos/telix>. The latest version of
- the program itself is in the four files tlx322-1.zip, tlx322-2.zip,
- tlx322-3.zip, and tlx322-4.zip.
-
- 6.3. COMMO
-
- COMMO is another shareware terminal emulator for DOS. In the SimTel
- archive [``SimTel''], it is in directory msdos/commprog, file
- commo66.zip. For example, try
- <ftp://ftp.coast.net/pub/SimTel/msdos/commprog/commo66.zip>.
- 6.4. SimTel
-
- The SimTel archive is maintained by Keith Petersen w8sdz@Simtel.Net.
- CD-ROM copies of Simtel.Net collections are available from Walnut
- Creek CDROM [``Walnut Creek'']. The primary ftp sites are
- <ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet>, and
- <oak.oakland.edu://pub/simtelnet>. There are many mirror sites, as
- listed in the following table:
-
- ╖ US, ALL (primary) <ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, California <ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, California <ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/micro/pc/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, California <ftp://ftp.lib.sonoma.edu/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, Illinois
- <ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/systems/pc/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, Massachusetts <ftp://ftp.bu.edu/pub/mirrors/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, Michigan <ftp://oak.oakland.edu/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, New York <ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/systems/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, Oklahoma <ftp://ftp.ou.edu/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, Oregon <ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, Pennsylvania <ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, Utah <ftp://ftp.cyber-naut.com/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ US, Virginia <ftp://mirrors.aol.com/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Argentina <ftp://ftp.satlink.com/pub/mirrors/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Australia <ftp://ftp.iniaccess.net.au/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Australia <ftp://sunsite.anu.edu.au/pub/pc/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Austria, Vienna <ftp://ftp.univie.ac.at/mirror/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Belgium <ftp://ftp.linkline.be/mirror/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Belgium <ftp://ftp.tornado.be/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Bulgaria <ftp://ftp.eunet.bg/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Brazil <ftp://ftp.iis.com.br/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Brazil <ftp://ftp.unicamp.br/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Canada, Ottawa <ftp://ftp.crc.doc.ca/systems/ibmpc/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Canada, Vancouver <ftp://ftp.direct.ca/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Chile
- <ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/Mirror/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ China <ftp://ftp.pku.edu.cn/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Czech Republic <ftp://ftp.eunet.cz/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Czech Republic <ftp://ftp.zcu.cz/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Czech Republic <ftp://pub.vse.cz/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Finland
- <ftp://ftp.funet.fi/mirrors/ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ France <ftp://ftp.grolier.fr/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ France <ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Germany <ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Germany <ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Germany <ftp://ftp.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Germany <ftp://ftp.uni-heidelberg.de/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Germany <ftp://ftp.uni-
- magdeburg.de/pub/mirrors/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Germany <ftp://ftp.uni-paderborn.de/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Germany <ftp://ftp.uni-
- trier.de/pub/pc/mirrors/Simtel.net>
-
- ╖ Germany <ftp://ftp.rz.uni-
- wuerzburg.de/pub/pc/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Greece <ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/pc/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Hong Kong <ftp://ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Hong Kong <ftp://ftp.hkstar.com/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Hong Kong <ftp://sunsite.ust.hk/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Ireland <ftp://ftp.iol.ie/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Israel <ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Italy <ftp://cis.utovrm.it/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Italy <ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Italy <ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Italy <ftp://mcftp.mclink.it/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Japan <ftp://ftp.iij.ad.jp/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Japan <ftp://ftp.riken.go.jp/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Japan <ftp://ftp.saitama-u.ac.jp/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Japan <ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/PC/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Japan <ftp://ftp.web.ad.jp/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Japan <ftp://ring.aist.go.jp/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Japan <ftp://ring.asahi-net.or.jp/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Latvia <ftp://ftp.lanet.lv/pub/mirror/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Malaysia <ftp://ftp.jaring.my/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Malaysia <ftp://ftp.mimos.my/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Mexico <ftp://ftp.gdl.iteso.mx/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Netherlands <ftp://ftp.euro.net/d5/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Netherlands <ftp://ftp.nic.surfnet.nl/mirror-
- archive/software/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ New Zealand <ftp://ftp.vuw.ac.nz/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Norway <ftp://ftp.bitcon.no/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Poland <ftp://ftp.cyf-kr.edu.pl/pub/mirror/Simtel.Net>
-
- ╖ Poland <ftp://ftp.icm.edu.pl/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Poland <ftp://ftp.man.poznan.pl/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Portugal <ftp://ftp.ip.pt/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Portugal <ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Romania <ftp://ftp.sorostm.ro/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Singapore <ftp://ftp.nus.sg/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Slovakia <ftp://ftp.uakom.sk/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Slovenia <ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ South Africa <ftp://ftp.is.co.za/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ South Africa <ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ South Korea <ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ South Korea <ftp://ftp.sogang.ac.kr/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ South Korea <ftp://sunsite.snu.ac.kr/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Spain <ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Sweden <ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Switzerland <ftp://sunsite.cnlab-
- switch.ch/mirror/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Taiwan <ftp://ftp.ncu.edu.tw/Packages/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Taiwan <ftp://nctuccca.edu.tw/mirror/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ Thailand <ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/mirrors/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ UK, Edinburgh <ftp://emwac.ed.ac.uk/mirrors/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ UK, London <ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ UK, Lancaster <ftp://micros.hensa.ac.uk/pub/simtelnet>
-
- ╖ UK, London <ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/simtelnet>
-
- 6.5. InfoMagic
-
- InfoMagic is at 11950 N. Highway 89, Flagstaff AZ 86004, telephone
- 800-800-6613 or 520-526-9565, fax 520-526-9573, email:
- info@infomagic.com, web: <http://www.infomagic.com>.
-
- 6.6. Walnut Creek
-
- Walnut Creek CDROM has many useful CDROMs. They are at 4041 Pike
- Lane, Ste D-Simtel, Concord, CA 94520, USA. Telephone (800) 786-9907
- or (510) 674-0783, or FAX (510) 674-0821. email: orders@cdrom.com.
- Web: <http://www.cdrom.com/>
-
- 6.7. Red Hat
-
- Red Hat Software: telephone 800-454-5502 or 203-454-5500, fax:
- 203-454-2582, email: sales@redhat.com. Web: <http://www.redhat.com>.
-
- 6.8. Craftwork
-
- CraftWork Solutions, 4320 Stevens Creek Blvd, Suite 170, San Jose CA
- 95129, telephone 800-985-1878, email: info@craftwork.com, web:
- <http://www.craftwork.com>.
-
- 6.9. Yggdrasil
-
- Yggdrasil Computing, 4880 Stevens Creek Blvd., Suite 205, San Jose CA
- 95129-1024, telephone 800-261-6630 or 408-261-6630, fax: 408-261-6631,
- email: info@yggdrasil.com, web: <http://www.yggdrasil.com>.
-
- 6.10. Emacs for DOS
-
- From the Emacs FAQ of November 11, 1996:
-
- --begin quote
-
- 93: Where can I get Emacs for my PC running MS-DOS?
-
- A pre-built binary distribution of Emacs 19.34 should be available by
- the beginning of November 1996 from the Simtel archives, the main site
- of which is at
-
- <ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/>
-
- If you prefer to compile Emacs for yourself, you will need a 386 (or
- better) processor, and are running MS-DOS 3.0 or later. According to
- Eli Zaretskii eliz@is.elta.co.il and Darrel Hankerson
- hankedr@dms.auburn.edu, you will need the following:
-
- Compiler: djgpp version 1.12 maint 1 or later. Djgpp 2.0 or later is
- recommended, since 1.x is being phased out. Djgpp 2 supports long
- filenames under Windows 95.
-
- You can get the latest release of djgpp by retrieving all of the files
- in
-
- <ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp>
-
- Gunzip and tar:
-
- The easiest way is to use "djtar" which comes with djgpp v2.x, because
- it can open gzip'ed tarfiles (i.e., those ending with ".tar.gz") in
- one step. Djtar comes in "djdev201.zip", from the URL mentioned
- above.
-
- Utilities: make, mv, sed, rm.
-
- All of these utilities are available at
-
- <ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu>
-
- 16-bit utilities can be found in GNUish:
-
- <ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/gnuish>
-
- The file INSTALL in the top-level directory of the Emacs source
- contains some additional information regarding Emacs under MS-DOS. In
- addition, the file etc/MSDOS contains some information on the
- differences between the Unix and MS-DOS versions of Emacs.
-
- For the most comprehensive information on running GNU Emacs on a PC,
- see the file prepared by Michael Ernst mernst@theory.lcs.mit.edu at
-
- <ftp://theory.lcs.mit.edu/pub/emacs/pc-emacs.gz>
-
- For a list of other MS-DOS implementations of Emacs (and Emacs look-
- alikes), consult the list of "Emacs implementations and literature,"
- available at
-
- <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/comp.emacs/>
-
- Note that while many of these programs look similar to Emacs, they
- often lack certain features, such as the Emacs Lisp extension
- language.
-
- --end quote
-
- 6.11. GNU Mirror Sites
-
- The GNU collection at <ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu> is mirrored at
- many sites. Mirrors in USA include these:
-
- ╖ <ftp://labrea.stanford.edu/pub/gnu>
-
- ╖ <ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/systems/gnu>
-
- ╖ <ftp://ftp.kpc.com/pub/mirror/gnu>
-
- ╖ <ftp://f.ms.uky.edu/pub3/gnu>
-
- ╖ <ftp://jaguar.utah.edu/gnustuff>
-
- ╖ <ftp://ftp.hawaii.edu/mirrors/gnu>
-
- ╖ <ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/gnu>
-
- ╖ <ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/gnu>
-
- ╖ <ftp://ftp.cs.columbia.edu/archives/gnu/prep>
-
- ╖ <ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/GNU>
-
- ╖ <ftp://ftp.uu.net/systems/gnu>
-
- 6.12. Emacspeak with Earlier Slackware Releases
-
- If you want to install Slackware 3.0 or earlier, you will need to
- prepare a full null modem cable, including modem control signals.
-
- For two DB25 (25 pin) connectors, the required connections are:
-
- ╖ 1 (Frame Ground) - 1 (Frame Ground)
-
- ╖ 2 (Receive Data) - 3 (Transmit Data)
-
- ╖ 3 (Transmit Data) - 2 (Receive Data)
-
- ╖ 4 (Request To Send) - 5 (Clear To Send)
-
- ╖ 5 (Clear To Send) - 4 (Request To Send)
-
- ╖ 6 (Data Set Ready) - 20 (Data Terminal Ready)
-
- ╖ 7 (Signal Ground) - 7 (Signal Ground)
-
- ╖ 8 (Carrier Detect) - 20 (Data Terminal Ready)
-
- ╖ 20 (Data Terminal Ready) - 6 (Data Set Ready)
-
- ╖ 20 (Data Terminal Ready) - 8 (Carrier Detect)
-
- For two DB9 connectors, the connections are:
-
- ╖ 1 (Carrier Detect) - 4 (Data Terminal Ready)
-
- ╖ 2 (Receive Data) - 3 (Transmit Data)
-
- ╖ 3 (Transmit Data) - 2 (Receive Data)
-
- ╖ 4 (Data Terminal Ready) - 6 (Data Set Ready)
-
- ╖ 4 (Data Terminal Ready) - 1 (Carrier Detect)
-
- ╖ 5 (Signal Ground) - 5 (Signal Ground)
-
- ╖ 6 (Data Set Ready) - 4 (Data Terminal Ready)
-
- ╖ 7 (Request To Send) - 8 (Clear To Send)
-
- ╖ 8 (Clear To Send) - 7 (Request To Send)
-
- ╖ 9 (Ring Indicator) not connected
-
- For a DB9 (listed first) to a DB25 (second), the connections are:
-
- ╖ 1 (Carrier Detect) - 20 (Data Terminal Ready)
-
- ╖ 2 (Receive Data) - 2 (Transmit Data)
-
- ╖ 3 (Transmit Data) - 3 (Receive Data)
-
- ╖ 4 (Data Terminal Ready) - 6 (Data Set Ready)
-
- ╖ 4 (Data Terminal Ready) - 8 (Carrier Detect)
-
- ╖ 5 (Signal Ground) - 7 (Signal Ground)
-
- ╖ 6 (Data Set Ready) - 20(Data Terminal Ready)
-
- ╖ 7 (Request To Send) - 5 (Clear To Send)
-
- ╖ 8 (Clear To Send) - 4 (Request To Send)
-
- ╖ 9 (Ring Indicator) not connected
-
- 7. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
-
- 7.1. Why does it say "space" after each character?
-
- Your DECtalk Express has old firmware. Use the Emacspeak command `C-e
- d V' to find out your version. You should be running a version no
- older than 4.2bw from March 1995. If you have an earlier version, you
- can find an updated version at
- <http://www.ultranet.com/~rongemma/tips_upd.htm>, a WWW site
- maintained by Ron Jemma of the Dectalk Group at DEC. Alternatively,
- you can send email to Anne Nelson at DECnelson@dectlk.enet.dec.com.
- The most recent version at this writing is 4.3 release AA X01 May 20
- 1996.
-
- 7.2. tones that last for several words or more, if this happens in a
- buffer it will often repeat within the same buffer. On occasion when
- reading the dectalk will produce high pitch
-
- The problem is due to remaining bugs in the Dectalk firmware. When
- emacspeak produces tones, especially when split caps is on, the dtk
- sometime goes into squealing mode.
-
- If you notice this happening in particular text documents, just turn
- off split caps mode locally with `C-e d s'.
-
- 7.3. autorevert in search path" which is spoken (or at least queued
- for speech) when emacspeak 7.0 starts? What is the significance of
- the message "No library
-
- It's completely insignificant. autorevert is a new minor mode provided
- by emacs 20 and emacspeak looks for it and if found speech-enables it.
-
- 8. Legalese
-
- Copyright (c) 1997 by James R. Van Zandt jrv@vanzandt.mv.com. This
- document may be distributed under the terms set forth in the LDP
- license at <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/COPYRIGHT.html>.
-
- If you have questions, please contact Greg Hankins, the Linux HOWTO
- coordinator, at gregh@sunsite.unc.edu via email.
-
-